- a U.S. strategy during the war in Afghanistan of gradually returning political and military control to Afghan forces while withdrawing American troops.
- a strategy similar to that used by the United States in Afghanistan, in which political and military control is transferred to local authorities: the Afghanization of Syria.
- the assimilation of various ethnic groups in Afghanistan to Pashtun language and society.
- the movement of a large number of Pashtun, the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan, into areas of the country inhabited by other ethnic groups.
