- the identification of a person by an epithet or appellative that is not the person's name, as his lordship.
- the use of the name of a person who was distinguished by a particular characteristic, as Don Juan or Annie Oakley, to designate a person or group of persons having the same characteristic.
- the substitution of a title or epithet for a proper name, such as his highness
- the use of a proper name for an idea
