- spiritual striving against moral failings, undertaken as a religious duty by Muslims.
- armed struggle in defense of Islam: in traditional Muslim law, bound by a number of rules, conditions, and restrictions on when and where it is acceptable.
- any vigorous, emotional crusade for an idea or principle.
- a holy war against infidels undertaken by Muslims in defence of the Islamic faith
- the personal struggle of the individual believer against evil and persecution
- a crusade in support of a cause
