- the members of the Hasmonean family of Jewish leaders and rulers comprising the sons of Mattathias and their descendants and reigning in Judea from 167? to 37 b.c., especially Judas Maccabaeus and his brothers, who defeated the Syrians under Antiochus IV in 165? and rededicated the Temple in Jerusalem.
- either of two books of the Apocrypha, I Maccabees or II Maccabees, that contain the history of the Maccabees.
- a Jewish family of patriots who freed Judaea from Seleucid oppression (168–142 bc)
- any of four books of Jewish history, including the last two of the Apocrypha
