- any of certain magistrates in Italy, as a chief magistrate in medieval towns and republics.
- a person appointed to serve as mayor of an Italian city during the Fascist regime.
- (in modern Italy) a subordinate magistrate in some towns
- (in Fascist Italy) the chief magistrate of a commune
- (in medieval Italy)
- any of the governors of the Lombard cities appointed by Frederick Barbarossa
- a chief magistrate in any of various republics, such as Florence
